United States Exports

United States exports were $280 billion in July 2025, unchanged from June. This stability occurred as increased exports of nonmonetary gold, computer accessories and civilian aircraft offset declines in finished metal shapes. The US trade deficit widened to $78.3 billion in July, driven by higher imports particularly nonmonetary gold and industrial supplies. United States' record low exports was $0.77 billion in March 1950 and record high was $290.57 billion in April 2025.

Monthly Historical Data (1950-2025)

(in Billion USD)

Month	Exports (Billion USD)
Jul 2025	280
Jun 2025	280
May 2025	279
Apr 2025	290.6
Mar 2025	281.1
Feb 2025	278.7
Jan 2025	272.4
Dec 2024	270.2
Nov 2024	275.8
Oct 2024	269.5
Sep 2024	273.7
Aug 2024	275.7
Jul 2024	271.1
Jun 2024	268.4
May 2024	265
Apr 2024	266.4
Mar 2024	265.6
Feb 2024	269.3
Jan 2024	261.8
Dec 2023	261.8
Nov 2023	257.3
Oct 2023	262.5
Sep 2023	263.5
Aug 2023	260
Jul 2023	255.6
Jun 2023	251.9
May 2023	252.6
Apr 2023	253.6
Mar 2023	259.5
Feb 2023	254.3
Jan 2023	260
Dec 2022	253.5
Nov 2022	256.2
Oct 2022	259.7
Sep 2022	262.5
Aug 2022	265.2
Jul 2022	265
Jun 2022	262.6
May 2022	259
Apr 2022	256.7
Mar 2022	248.3
Feb 2022	237
Jan 2022	232.6
Dec 2021	236.8
Nov 2021	231.8
Oct 2021	228.8
Sep 2021	214.2
Aug 2021	217.7
Jul 2021	216.3
Jun 2021	214
May 2021	211.6
Apr 2021	209.1
Mar 2021	209
Feb 2021	195.7
Jan 2021	199.1
Dec 2020	196.5
Nov 2020	190.2
Oct 2020	185.9
Sep 2020	182.5
Aug 2020	176.7
Jul 2020	172.7
Jun 2020	160.8
May 2020	147.1
Apr 2020	151.9
Mar 2020	190.1
Feb 2020	209.5
Jan 2020	208.9
Dec 2019	213.4
Nov 2019	212.8
Oct 2019	212.3
Sep 2019	211.6
Aug 2019	212.6
Jul 2019	212.8
Jun 2019	212.8
May 2019	215.5
Apr 2019	211.2
Mar 2019	214.7
Feb 2019	213.3
Jan 2019	211.1
Dec 2018	209.3
Nov 2018	211.8
Oct 2018	214.3
Sep 2018	213.9
Aug 2018	211.4
Jul 2018	211.5
Jun 2018	213.5
May 2018	215.6
Apr 2018	212.2
Mar 2018	213.3
Feb 2018	210.5
Jan 2018	207.4
Dec 2017	209.7
Nov 2017	206.9
Oct 2017	202.9
Sep 2017	201.1
Aug 2017	199
Jul 2017	197.3
Jun 2017	198
May 2017	195.5
Apr 2017	196
Mar 2017	196.2
Feb 2017	196.5
Jan 2017	195.4
Dec 2016	192.6
Nov 2016	187.7
Oct 2016	189.3
Sep 2016	190.7
Aug 2016	190.2
Jul 2016	188.2
Jun 2016	186.8
May 2016	185.1
Apr 2016	184.2
Mar 2016	182.1
Feb 2016	183
Jan 2016	181
Dec 2015	184.5
Nov 2015	185.4
Oct 2015	187.8
Sep 2015	189.2
Aug 2015	188.1
Jul 2015	190.8
Jun 2015	191.5
May 2015	191.9
Apr 2015	193.1
Mar 2015	192.3
Feb 2015	191.9
Jan 2015	194.2
Dec 2014	198.4
Nov 2014	198.9
Oct 2014	201.4
Sep 2014	199.6
Aug 2014	202.2
Jul 2014	200.8
Jun 2014	200.5
May 2014	201.4
Apr 2014	199.1
Mar 2014	199.6
Feb 2014	195.1
Jan 2014	195.8
Dec 2013	196.3
Nov 2013	197.3
Oct 2013	196.5
Sep 2013	192.5
Aug 2013	192.4
Jul 2013	192.1
Jun 2013	192.9
May 2013	189.8
Apr 2013	190.6
Mar 2013	189.9
Feb 2013	192.4
Jan 2013	190.3
Dec 2012	192.2
Nov 2012	188.5
Oct 2012	186.1
Sep 2012	191.2
Aug 2012	185
Jul 2012	186.7
Jun 2012	187.2
May 2012	187.4
Apr 2012	187.1
Mar 2012	188.5
Feb 2012	185.1
Jan 2012	182.4
Dec 2011	182.4
Nov 2011	180.8
Oct 2011	182.7
Sep 2011	183.9
Aug 2011	182.5
Jul 2011	181.5
Jun 2011	176.9
May 2011	178.9
Apr 2011	178.8
Mar 2011	176.7
Feb 2011	168.7
Jan 2011	169.9
Dec 2010	168.5
Nov 2010	165.6
Oct 2010	164.2
Sep 2010	158.6
Aug 2010	157.8
Jul 2010	156.8
Jun 2010	153.3
May 2010	153.8
Apr 2010	150
Mar 2010	151.1
Feb 2010	146.8
Jan 2010	145.7
Dec 2009	145.5
Nov 2009	142.1
Oct 2009	141.1
Sep 2009	137
Aug 2009	132.6
Jul 2009	131.9
Jun 2009	129.8
May 2009	127.3
Apr 2009	125.3
Mar 2009	126.5
Feb 2009	127.9
Jan 2009	125.9
Dec 2008	132.4
Nov 2008	143
Oct 2008	151.9
Sep 2008	154.6
Aug 2008	163.3
Jul 2008	166.2
Jun 2008	164.1
May 2008	159.1
Apr 2008	157.4
Mar 2008	152.9
Feb 2008	153.7
Jan 2008	151.1
Dec 2007	147.4
Nov 2007	146.3
Oct 2007	144.5
Sep 2007	142.1
Aug 2007	141.5
Jul 2007	138.5
Jun 2007	137.3
May 2007	135.8
Apr 2007	133.4
Mar 2007	133.8
Feb 2007	129.5
Jan 2007	130.6
Dec 2006	128.8
Nov 2006	127.4
Oct 2006	125.5
Sep 2006	124.1
Aug 2006	122.8
Jul 2006	120.4
Jun 2006	122.7
May 2006	121.2
Apr 2006	119.6
Mar 2006	118.8
Feb 2006	116.9
Jan 2006	115.8
Dec 2005	113.8
Nov 2005	111.5
Oct 2005	109.8
Sep 2005	107.2
Aug 2005	108.5
Jul 2005	107.1
Jun 2005	107
May 2005	107.1
Apr 2005	107.3
Mar 2005	105.1
Feb 2005	104
Jan 2005	103.2
Dec 2004	102.8
Nov 2004	100.1
Oct 2004	100.5
Sep 2004	98.8
Aug 2004	97.3
Jul 2004	96.9
Jun 2004	95.8
May 2004	98.2
Apr 2004	96.4
Mar 2004	96.7
Feb 2004	94.1
Jan 2004	90.6
Dec 2003	91
Nov 2003	91.3
Oct 2003	88.9
Sep 2003	87
Aug 2003	84.9
Jul 2003	85.9
Jun 2003	85.2
May 2003	82.6
Apr 2003	82.6
Mar 2003	83.2
Feb 2003	83.1
Jan 2003	82.5
Dec 2002	81.6
Nov 2002	83.9
Oct 2002	82.8
Sep 2002	83.5
Aug 2002	83.7
Jul 2002	83.7
Jun 2002	83.6
May 2002	82.4
Apr 2002	82.1
Mar 2002	80.3
Feb 2002	79.3
Jan 2002	79.3
Dec 2001	77.8
Nov 2001	78.4
Oct 2001	79.1
Sep 2001	79.5
Aug 2001	83.9
Jul 2001	83.2
Jun 2001	85.9
May 2001	88.5
Apr 2001	87.9
Mar 2001	89.3
Feb 2001	91.1
Jan 2001	90.8
Dec 2000	91.1
Nov 2000	91.9
Oct 2000	92.2
Sep 2000	92.9
Aug 2000	93.1
Jul 2000	91.2
Jun 2000	91.6
May 2000	88.9
Apr 2000	89.4
Mar 2000	88.1
Feb 2000	86.5
Jan 2000	86
Dec 1999	86.3
Nov 1999	84.7
Oct 1999	84
Sep 1999	83.7
Aug 1999	82.7
Jul 1999	81.1
Jun 1999	79.8
May 1999	79.5
Apr 1999	79.5
Mar 1999	78.7
Feb 1999	78.2
Jan 1999	78.5
Dec 1998	78.4
Nov 1998	79.1
Oct 1998	79.4
Sep 1998	77.2
Aug 1998	75.5
Jul 1998	76.1
Jun 1998	77
May 1998	77.1
Apr 1998	77.6
Mar 1998	78.8
Feb 1998	77.9
Jan 1998	79
Dec 1997	79
Nov 1997	78.3
Oct 1997	79.4
Sep 1997	79.3
Aug 1997	78.6
Jul 1997	80.1
Jun 1997	78.9
May 1997	77.9
Apr 1997	77.8
Mar 1997	77
Feb 1997	75.2
Jan 1997	72.9
Dec 1996	72.8
Nov 1996	74.3
Oct 1996	73.8
Sep 1996	70.6
Aug 1996	70.6
Jul 1996	69.4
Jun 1996	71.1
May 1996	71
Apr 1996	70.1
Mar 1996	69.8
Feb 1996	69.9
Jan 1996	68.3
Dec 1995	69.1
Nov 1995	68
Oct 1995	68.1
Sep 1995	68.9
Aug 1995	67.5
Jul 1995	66.6
Jun 1995	64.9
May 1995	65.8
Apr 1995	65.1
Mar 1995	64.3
Feb 1995	63.1
Jan 1995	63.1
Dec 1994	62.8
Nov 1994	61.5
Oct 1994	59.9
Sep 1994	60.7
Aug 1994	60.4
Jul 1994	58.5
Jun 1994	58.5
May 1994	57.3
Apr 1994	56.4
Mar 1994	58.3
Feb 1994	53.7
Jan 1994	55.2
Dec 1993	55.6
Nov 1993	54.3
Oct 1993	55.5
Sep 1993	53.6
Aug 1993	53.2
Jul 1993	52.8
Jun 1993	52.3
May 1993	54.2
Apr 1993	53.1
Mar 1993	53
Feb 1993	52.5
Jan 1993	52.6
Dec 1992	51.8
Nov 1992	52.2
Oct 1992	53
Sep 1992	52
Aug 1992	50.9
Jul 1992	52.5
Jun 1992	51.7
May 1992	50
Apr 1992	50.3
Mar 1992	50.3
Feb 1992	51.7
Jan 1992	50.3
Dec 1991	50.2
Nov 1991	51.6
Oct 1991	51.2
Sep 1991	49.1
Aug 1991	48.8
Jul 1991	48.8
Jun 1991	48.5
May 1991	48.7
Apr 1991	48.9
Mar 1991	47.1
Feb 1991	46.3
Jan 1991	47
Dec 1990	47
Nov 1990	46.8
Oct 1990	47.7
Sep 1990	44.8
Aug 1990	45.1
Jul 1990	44.8
Jun 1990	45.7
May 1990	44.6
Apr 1990	44.1
Mar 1990	44.9
Feb 1990	43.4
Jan 1990	43.3
Dec 1989	42.5
Nov 1989	41.5
Oct 1989	42.2
Sep 1989	41.2
Aug 1989	40.9
Jul 1989	40.7
Jun 1989	41.6
May 1989	41
Apr 1989	40.9
Mar 1989	40.8
Feb 1989	38.7
Jan 1989	38.6
Dec 1988	38.6
Nov 1988	37.1
Oct 1988	37.6
Sep 1988	36.9
Aug 1988	36.8
Jul 1988	35.6
Jun 1988	35.8
May 1988	36.7
Apr 1988	35.4
Mar 1988	36.2
Feb 1988	33.3
Jan 1988	32.5
Dec 1987	32.6
Nov 1987	31.7
Oct 1987	30.5
Sep 1987	29.9
Aug 1987	29.1
Jul 1987	30.7
Jun 1987	29.6
May 1987	28.3
Apr 1987	28.4
Mar 1987	28
Feb 1987	27.3
Jan 1987	26.4
Dec 1986	26.8
Nov 1986	26.8
Oct 1986	27.3
Sep 1986	25.6
Aug 1986	25.2
Jul 1986	27
Jun 1986	27
May 1986	25.9
Apr 1986	25.7
Mar 1986	25
Feb 1986	25.5
Jan 1986	25.5
Dec 1985	23.3
Nov 1985	24.2
Oct 1985	23.6
Sep 1985	23.7
Aug 1985	23.4
Jul 1985	23.4
Jun 1985	23.5
May 1985	23.5
Apr 1985	23.8
Mar 1985	24.5
Feb 1985	23.9
Jan 1985	25.5
Dec 1984	25.1
Nov 1984	24.3
Oct 1984	24.3
Sep 1984	24.2
Aug 1984	24.1
Jul 1984	25.1
Jun 1984	23.7
May 1984	24
Apr 1984	23.5
Mar 1984	23.7
Feb 1984	23
Jan 1984	23.7
Dec 1983	22.5
Nov 1983	22.3
Oct 1983	22.2
Sep 1983	22.7
Aug 1983	22
Jul 1983	21.9
Jun 1983	22.3
May 1983	21
Apr 1983	21.5
Mar 1983	22.1
Feb 1983	21.7
Jan 1983	22.6
Dec 1982	21.6
Nov 1982	21.1
Oct 1982	22
Sep 1982	22.7
Aug 1982	22.8
Jul 1982	23.4
Jun 1982	24.2
May 1982	23.5
Apr 1982	23.4
Mar 1982	23.8
Feb 1982	24
Jan 1982	23.9
Dec 1981	23.7
Nov 1981	24
Oct 1981	24
Sep 1981	24.5
Aug 1981	24
Jul 1981	24.2
Jun 1981	24.5
May 1981	23.7
Apr 1981	24.6
Mar 1981	25.8
Feb 1981	24.3
Jan 1981	23.5
Dec 1980	23.4
Nov 1980	22.9
Oct 1980	23.4
Sep 1980	23
Aug 1980	23.3
Jul 1980	22.4
Jun 1980	22.3
May 1980	21.5
Apr 1980	22.4
Mar 1980	21.9
Feb 1980	20.6
Jan 1980	21.1
Dec 1979	20.2
Nov 1979	20.4
Oct 1979	20.2
Sep 1979	19.2
Aug 1979	19.1
Jul 1979	19
Jun 1979	18.1
May 1979	17.3
Apr 1979	17.2
Mar 1979	17.5
Feb 1979	16.8
Jan 1979	16.5
Dec 1978	16.5
Nov 1978	16.7
Oct 1978	16.1
Sep 1978	16.4
Aug 1978	15.4
Jul 1978	14.7
Jun 1978	15.2
May 1978	14.7
Apr 1978	14.6
Mar 1978	14.1
Feb 1978	12.8
Jan 1978	12.8
Dec 1977	13.7
Nov 1977	12.2
Oct 1977	12.1
Sep 1977	13.7
Aug 1977	12.4
Jul 1977	13
Jun 1977	12.7
May 1977	13.2
Apr 1977	12.6
Mar 1977	12.7
Feb 1977	12.4
Jan 1977	12.2
Dec 1976	12.9
Nov 1976	12.1
Oct 1976	12.3
Sep 1976	12.3
Aug 1976	12.3
Jul 1976	12.4
Jun 1976	12
May 1976	11.8
Apr 1976	11.6
Mar 1976	11.2
Feb 1976	11.1
Jan 1976	11.3
Dec 1975	11.4
Nov 1975	11.5
Oct 1975	11.4
Sep 1975	11.1
Aug 1975	11
Jul 1975	10.9
Jun 1975	11
May 1975	10.5
Apr 1975	11
Mar 1975	10.9
Feb 1975	11
Jan 1975	11.6
Dec 1974	10.9
Nov 1974	11
Oct 1974	10.7
Sep 1974	10.3
Aug 1974	10.3
Jul 1974	10.2
Jun 1974	10.2
May 1974	9.6
Apr 1974	10
Mar 1974	9.4
Feb 1974	9.3
Jan 1974	8.9
Dec 1973	8.7
Nov 1973	8.6
Oct 1973	8.3
Sep 1973	8.1
Aug 1973	7.8
Jul 1973	7.6
Jun 1973	7.3
May 1973	7.2
Apr 1973	7.1
Mar 1973	6.8
Feb 1973	6.6
Jan 1973	6.5
Dec 1972	6.1
Nov 1972	6
Oct 1972	5.8
Sep 1972	5.7
Aug 1972	5.7
Jul 1972	5.6
Jun 1972	5.4
May 1972	5.3
Apr 1972	5.2
Mar 1972	5.4
Feb 1972	5.3
Jan 1972	5.6
Dec 1971	5.3
Nov 1971	4.6
Oct 1971	4.1
Sep 1971	5.8
Aug 1971	5
Jul 1971	4.9
Jun 1971	5
May 1971	5.1
Apr 1971	5
Mar 1971	5.1
Feb 1971	5
Jan 1971	5
Dec 1970	4.8
Nov 1970	4.7
Oct 1970	4.9
Sep 1970	4.8
Aug 1970	4.8
Jul 1970	4.9
Jun 1970	4.9
May 1970	4.9
Apr 1970	4.6
Mar 1970	4.5
Feb 1970	4.6
Jan 1970	4.5
Dec 1969	4.4
Nov 1969	4.5
Oct 1969	4.5
Sep 1969	4.4
Aug 1969	4.4
Jul 1969	4.3
Jun 1969	4.3
May 1969	4.4
Apr 1969	4.4
Mar 1969	4.1
Feb 1969	3.2
Jan 1969	3.1
Dec 1968	4
Nov 1968	4
Oct 1968	3.7
Sep 1968	4.2
Aug 1968	4
Jul 1968	3.9
Jun 1968	3.8
May 1968	3.7
Apr 1968	3.8
Mar 1968	3.4
Feb 1968	3.7
Jan 1968	3.8
Dec 1967	3.6
Nov 1967	3.6
Oct 1967	3.3
Sep 1967	3.4
Aug 1967	3.4
Jul 1967	3.4
Jun 1967	3.5
May 1967	3.4
Apr 1967	3.5
Mar 1967	3.4
Feb 1967	3.5
Jan 1967	3.5
Dec 1966	3.3
Nov 1966	3.3
Oct 1966	3.4
Sep 1966	3.3
Aug 1966	3.2
Jul 1966	3.2
Jun 1966	3.4
May 1966	3.3
Apr 1966	3.2
Mar 1966	3.2
Feb 1966	3.1
Jan 1966	3
Dec 1965	3.1
Nov 1965	3.1
Oct 1965	3.1
Sep 1965	3
Aug 1965	3
Jul 1965	3
Jun 1965	3.1
May 1965	3.1
Apr 1965	3.2
Mar 1965	3.4
Feb 1965	2.3
Jan 1965	1.9
Dec 1964	3.1
Nov 1964	2.8
Oct 1964	2.8
Sep 1964	2.9
Aug 1964	2.7
Jul 1964	2.7
Jun 1964	2.8
May 1964	2.8
Apr 1964	2.8
Mar 1964	2.7
Feb 1964	2.7
Jan 1964	2.7
Dec 1963	2.6
Nov 1963	2.5
Oct 1963	2.5
Sep 1963	2.5
Aug 1963	2.5
Jul 1963	2.4
Jun 1963	2.6
May 1963	2.6
Apr 1963	2.6
Mar 1963	2.6
Feb 1963	2.8
Jan 1963	1.6
Dec 1962	2.4
Nov 1962	2.3
Oct 1962	2.1
Sep 1962	2.4
Aug 1962	2.2
Jul 1962	2.3
Jun 1962	2.5
May 1962	2.4
Apr 1962	2.5
Mar 1962	2.2
Feb 1962	2.4
Jan 1962	2.2
Dec 1961	2.2
Nov 1961	2.3
Oct 1961	2.3
Sep 1961	2.2
Aug 1961	2.2
Jul 1961	2.2
Jun 1961	2.2
May 1961	2.2
Apr 1961	2.2
Mar 1961	2.2
Feb 1961	2.2
Jan 1961	2.1
Dec 1960	2.2
Nov 1960	2.2
Oct 1960	2.2
Sep 1960	2.1
Aug 1960	2.1
Jul 1960	2.2
Jun 1960	2.2
May 1960	2.2
Apr 1960	2.2
Mar 1960	2.1
Feb 1960	2.1
Jan 1960	2
Dec 1959	1.5
Nov 1959	1.4
Oct 1959	1.3
Sep 1959	1.5
Aug 1959	1.4
Jul 1959	1.4
Jun 1959	1.4
May 1959	1.3
Apr 1959	1.3
Mar 1959	1.3
Feb 1959	1.3
Jan 1959	1.3
Dec 1958	1.3
Nov 1958	1.4
Oct 1958	1.3
Sep 1958	1.4
Aug 1958	1.4
Jul 1958	1.4
Jun 1958	1.3
May 1958	1.4
Apr 1958	1.4
Mar 1958	1.4
Feb 1958	1.3
Jan 1958	1.4
Dec 1957	1.5
Nov 1957	1.5
Oct 1957	1.5
Sep 1957	1.6
Aug 1957	1.6
Jul 1957	1.6
Jun 1957	1.7
May 1957	1.6
Apr 1957	1.7
Mar 1957	1.9
Feb 1957	1.6
Jan 1957	1.7
Dec 1956	1.8
Nov 1956	1.4
Oct 1956	1.5
Sep 1956	1.6
Aug 1956	1.5
Jul 1956	1.4
Jun 1956	1.4
May 1956	1.4
Apr 1956	1.4
Mar 1956	1.3
Feb 1956	1.3
Jan 1956	1.3
Dec 1955	1.2
Nov 1955	1.2
Oct 1955	1.3
Sep 1955	1.2
Aug 1955	1.2
Jul 1955	1.2
Jun 1955	1.2
May 1955	1.1
Apr 1955	1.1
Mar 1955	1.2
Feb 1955	1.2
Jan 1955	1.2
Dec 1954	1.1
Nov 1954	1.1
Oct 1954	1.1
Sep 1954	1.1
Aug 1954	1.1
Jul 1954	1.1
Jun 1954	1.1
May 1954	1.1
Apr 1954	1.2
Mar 1954	0.9
Feb 1954	1
Jan 1954	1
Dec 1953	1.1
Nov 1953	1
Oct 1953	1
Sep 1953	1.2
Aug 1953	1
Jul 1953	1
Jun 1953	1
May 1953	1
Apr 1953	1
Mar 1953	1
Feb 1953	1
Jan 1953	1
Dec 1952	1
Nov 1952	1
Oct 1952	1
Sep 1952	1
Aug 1952	1
Jul 1952	1
Jun 1952	1.1
May 1952	1.1
Apr 1952	1.1
Mar 1952	1.3
Feb 1952	1.2
Jan 1952	1.2
Dec 1951	1.3
Nov 1951	1.3
Oct 1951	1.1
Sep 1951	1.2
Aug 1951	1.2
Jul 1951	1.2
Jun 1951	1.1
May 1951	1.1
Apr 1951	1.3
Mar 1951	1.1
Feb 1951	1
Jan 1951	1
Dec 1950	0.9
Nov 1950	0.9
Oct 1950	0.9
Sep 1950	0.9
Aug 1950	0.8
Jul 1950	0.8
Jun 1950	0.8
May 1950	0.8
Apr 1950	0.8
Mar 1950	0.8
Feb 1950	0.8
Jan 1950	0.8

Recent Events

Next Release Date : Oct 07, 2025

United States Exports : Definition

US exports measure the total value of goods and services sold to other countries, denominated in USD. Calculation involves summing the value of all exported commodities including manufactured goods, agricultural products and services. The balance reveals a trade surplus or deficit.

Indicator	Last Value	Prior Value	Period
Annual Exports	$2.06T	$2.02T	2024
Annual Imports	$3.36T	$3.17T	2024
Balance of Trade	-$78.3B	-$59.1B	Jul'25
Exports (% GDP)	10.9%	11.01%	2024
FDI Inflows (% GDP)	1.33%	1.26%	2024
Imports	$359B	$339B	Jul'25
Imports (% GDP)	13.99%	13.89%	2024
Net Trade (Goods & Services, BoP)	-$917.84B	-$784.89B	2024
Tariff Rate	2.72%	2.79%	2022
Trade (% GDP)	24.89%	24.9%	2024

United States Exports

Monthly Historical Data (1950-2025)

Recent Events

Related Indicators